Georgian (1714 AD – 1837 AD)
乔治 （1714 AD – 1837 AD）
When Queen Anne, the last Stuart monarch died, she had no surviving children. The U.K. throne was then offered to her nearest protestant relative, bypassing 50 other catholic candidates who had a greater claim. This did not go unopposed in Scotland, where a group called the Jacobites attacked England with the intention of installing a catholic king on the English throne. The new protestant king was a member of the Hanoverian family from Germany. This time is called the Georgian period because the names of the first 4 Hanoverian kings were all called George.
当斯图亚特后朝的最后一位君主安妮女王去世时，她没有幸存的孩子。随后，绕过了其他50名更有资格或的王位的天主教候选人，英国的王位被授予了她最近的新教亲戚。这在苏格兰并非没有遭到反对，一个名为詹姆斯党的团体袭击了英格兰，打算让一位天主教国王登上英格兰王位。新教国王是来自德国的汉诺威家族。这段时间被称为格鲁吉亚时期，因为汉诺威前 4 位国王的名字都被称为乔治。
During the Stuart period, the Great Britain established itself as a major international power through its navy and a rapidly expanding empire. Through the import of raw material from its empire, steam power, and improved internal transport links, Great Britain became ‘the workshop of the world’.
在斯图亚特时期，英国通过其海军和迅速确立了自己作为国际强国的地位。通过从帝国进口原材料、蒸汽动力和改善内部运输联系，英国成为了“世界的工厂”。
Great Britain was often at war, usually with France, because of the conflict between catholic and protestant countries, and the need to protect its territorial gains from other European countries. However, America was lost during the American War of Independence. This loss nearly bankrupted Great Britain as it had poured a huge amount of money into America to build up its infrastructure.
英国经常处于战争状态，通常是与法国交战，因为天主教和新教国家之间的冲突，以及需要保护其领土免受其他欧洲国家的侵害。然而，美国在美国独立战争期间失去了。这一损失几乎使英国破产，因为它向美国投入了大量资金以建设其基础设施。
Internally, Great Britain was still run by the elite. The people of Great Britain were demanding more and more rights and freedoms. Sometimes this resulted in violence between the people and the authorities. Extensive civil unrest was averted by limited political reforms but even after these reforms only 1 person in 6 was allowed to vote. Other notable reforms during this period include the abolition of both slavery and the use of child labour.
在内部，英国仍然由精英管理。英国人民要求越来越多的权利和自由。有时这会导致人民与当局之间的暴力。有限的政治改革避免了大规模的内乱，但即使在这些改革之后，也只有六分之一的人被拥有投票权。这一时期其它值得注意的改革包括废除奴隶制和使用童工。