England’s Split From The Catholic Church /
英格兰与天主教会的分裂
Throughout British history there has always been friction between Catholics and Protestants.
在英国历史上，天主教徒和新教徒之间一直有摩擦。
This friction continues even to this day, with violence between the Catholic and Protestant communities in Northern Ireland.
这种摩擦直到今天仍在继续，北爱尔兰的天主教和新教社区之间仍然存在暴力。
It was not until 2015 that a English kind or queen could become a Catholic or marry a Catholic.
直到2015年，英格兰的国王或女王才能成为天主教徒或与天主教徒结婚。
But how did this split between catholic and protestants in England start?
但是，英格兰天主教徒和新教徒之间的分裂是如何开始的呢？
It all started with a dispute between the Henry VIII and the Pope over a divorce.
一切都始于亨利八世和教皇之间关于离婚的争执。
There had always been conflict between Catholics and Protestants throughout Europe but the situation came to a head in England when the English king Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) divorced his wife Katherine of Aragon.
在整个欧洲，天主教徒和新教徒之间一直存在冲突，但当英王亨利八世 （1491-1547）与他的妻子阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚时，情况在英格兰达到了顶点。
At that time, Henry and Katherine were both catholic.
那时候，亨利和凯瑟琳都是天主教徒。
Henry VIII needed a male heir to inherit the English throne.
亨利八世需要一个男继承人来继承英格兰王位。
Although Katherine gave birth to a son, he died when he was 2 months old.
虽然凯瑟琳生了一个儿子，但他在两个月大时就去世了。之后凯瑟琳再也没有生过男孩。
After that Katherine was unable to produce any more male children.
之后凯瑟琳再也没有生过男孩。
Only a daughter, called Mary, survived past infancy.
只有一个名叫玛丽的女儿活过了婴儿期。
Thus Henry felt he had to take drastic action and he asked Katherine for a divorce.
因此亨利觉得他必须采取激烈的行动，他向凯瑟琳提出了离婚。
Katherine refused and so Henry asked the Pope to annul the marriage.
凯瑟琳拒绝了，所以亨利请教皇解除婚姻。
However, the Pope supported Katherine and refused to grant Henry an annulment.
然而，教皇支持凯瑟琳，拒绝批准亨利废除婚姻。
This response severely angered Henry, especially because he had already identified a new potential wife, one of Katherine’s ladies-in-waiting, called Anne Boleyn.
这个回应让亨利非常生气，尤其是因为他已经找到了一个新的潜在妻子，就是凯瑟琳的一个侍女，叫安妮·博林。
Henry ordered the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, to convene a trial to resolve the matter.
亨利让坎特伯雷大主教托马斯·克兰默召开审判来解决这个问题。
Thomas Cranmer, of course, ruled that that the marriage between Henry and Kathrine was invalid because previously Katherine had been the wife of Henry’s now deceased brother and so God was punishing them both.
托马斯·克兰默当然裁定亨利和凯瑟琳的婚姻无效，因为凯瑟琳之前是亨利已故兄弟的妻子，所以上帝在惩罚他们俩。
Thomas Cranmer also declare that Henry was now legally married to Anne Boleyn.
托马斯·克兰默还声明亨利现在合法地与安妮·博林结婚。
Henry had already secretly married Anne Boleyn before the trial.
亨利在审判之前已经秘密地和安妮·博林结婚了。
Once the Pope heard about the trial, he furiously excommunicated Henry from the Catholic Church.
一旦教皇听说了审判，他愤怒地将亨利逐出天主教会。
This punishment did not bother Henry.
这种惩罚并没有困扰亨利。
He simply created his own church, which to this day is called the ‘Church of England’.
他就自己创建了一个教会，直到今天仍然叫做“英格兰教会”。
He changed from being a Catholic to being a Protestant and declared himself the ‘Defender of the Faith’.
他从天主教徒变成了新教徒，并自称为“信仰的捍卫者”。
This break with the Catholic Church also made him wealthy.
这与天主教会的决裂也让他变得富有。
Henry seized all the land in England that catholic monasteries stood on, he sold off all their gold and silver art treasures, and claimed the income from the tenant farmers who lived on the catholic church’s land.
亨利夺取了英格兰所有天主教修道院的土地，卖掉了他们所有的金银艺术珍品，并声称从住在天主教教会土地上的佃农那里获得收入。
These actions are known collectively as the dissolution of the monasteries.
这些行动被统称为解散修道院。
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn had a child but it was a daughter.
亨利八世和安妮·博林有了一个孩子，但她是个女儿。
This daughter would later go on to be Queen Elizabeth I of England.
这个女儿后来成为了英格兰的伊丽莎白一世女王。
This birth of another daughter did not diminish Henry’s desire for a male heir.
这次又生了个女儿并没有减少亨利对男继承人的渴望。
Anne Boleyn was eventually executed so that Henry could marry his third wife, Jane Seymour.
安妮·博林最终被处决，以便亨利可以娶他的第三任妻子简·西摩。
Jane Seymour finally provided Henry with a son who became King Edward VI.
简·西摩终于给亨利生了一个儿子，他成为了爱德华六世。
Unfortunately, Jane Seymour died soon after giving birth and Henry went on to marry 3 more wives.
不幸的是，简·西摩在生完孩子后不久就去世了，亨利又娶了三个妻子。
Henry’s son, Edward, was a protestant and introduced laws to ensure that the protestant church remained dominant in England.
亨利的儿子爱德华是个新教徒，他制定了法律以确保新教教会在英格兰保持主导地位。
However, when Edward died, his step-sister, Mary, inherited the English throne.
不过，当爱德华去世时，他的继姐玛丽继承了英格兰王位。
She was a catholic and reversed all of the laws introduced by Edward and restored Catholicism in England.
她是个天主教徒，推翻了爱德华引入的所有法律，恢复了英格兰的天主教。
Because of her persecution of protestants she was often referred to as ‘Bloody Mary’.
由于她迫害新教徒，她经常被称为“血腥玛丽”。
Mary, however, only reigned for 5 years before dying of cancer.
玛丽不过只当了5年女王就因癌症去世了。
Mary was succeeded by her protestant step-sister who was crowned as Elizabeth I.
玛丽的继任者是她的新教徒继妹，她被加冕为伊丽莎白一世。
She changed England back to being a protestant country once again.
她又把英格兰变回了一个新教国家。
Elizabeth soon gained a reputation for being a strong, cautious and shrewd ruler.
伊丽莎白很快就赢得了强大、谨慎和精明统治者的声誉。
Despite the constant threat of invasion from catholic France and Spain, she tried to find a compromise between Catholic and Protestant factions.
尽管面临来自天主教法国和西班牙的持续入侵威胁，她还是试图在天主教和新教派之间找到妥协。
Nevertheless, she made sure that no Catholic could ever take control of the English throne again.
然而，她确保没有天主教徒能够再次控制英格兰王位。
The power of both the Protestant and Catholic churches in the U.K has significantly diminished over time and the U.K. is now very multicultural.
英国的基督教新教和天主教的影响力随着时间的推移大大减弱，现在的英国非常多元文化。
The ancient laws protecting the Protestant dominance were eventually considered unnecessary and so have been repealed.
古老的法律保护新教的主导地位，最终被认为是多余的，因此被废除了。
However, there are still people in the U.K. who harbour strong discriminatory views about other people’s religion, race or sexuality.
不过，英国还是有一些人对其他人的宗教、种族或性取向抱有强烈的歧视观点。
Rather than just focusing on whether the monarch is protestant or catholic, current anti-discrimination laws in the U.K. now address not only religion but also race, sexuality and age.
英国目前的反歧视法不仅涉及君主是新教徒还是天主教徒，而且现在不仅涉及宗教，还涉及种族、性取向和年龄。